A Surprising Discovery: Magnetism in a Common Material for Microelectronics

For the first time, researchers discovered magnetic order at high temperature in a metal widely used by the electronics industry.

Depiction of the newly discovered magnetic order of nickel spins (arrows) in nickel monosilicide as revealed by neutron diffraction (background) for the two sites of nickel (spheres). — Image courtesy of Jill Hemman, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

The Science

Nickel monosilicide (NiSi) is widely used to connect transistors in semiconductor circuits. Theoretical calculations incorrectly predicted that NiSi was not magnetic. As a result, researchers never fully explored magnetism in NiSi. Recently, scientists used neutron scattering to identify an elusive form of magnetic order in NiSi. The magnetism consists of magnetic spins (a little like compass needles) of neighboring nickel atoms. These spins primarily point opposite to each other with a small collective tilt in one direction. The magnetism persists at temperatures well above the operating temperature of electronics. Moreover, this magnetism can be flipped with small magnetic fields.

The Impact

Harnessing the newly discovered magnetism of NiSi in semiconductors may lead to faster computers and computer memory. The unique magnetism in NiSi is attractive because electronics that use magnetism to store and process data are reliable, fast, and small. The result is increased capabilities at lower costs. The work also highlights the need for improvements in how scientists apply conventional modeling to certain materials.

Summary

NiSi is extensively used by the semiconductor industry to connect different parts of field effect transistors and other nanoelectronics. As such, NiSi is already compatible with chip manufacturing. Physicists used neutron scattering at the Spallation Neutron Source, a Department of Energy user facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, to uncover magnetic order in single crystal NiSi that had not been previously known. The magnetic order is primarily non-centrosymmetric (lacking inversion symmetry) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) with a slight canting of spins yielding a very small uncompensated magnetization. The order persists to temperatures of at least 700 Kelvin—well above the operating temperatures of electronics. The uncompensated magnetization can be fully switched by small magnetic fields, and magnetic fields can also perturb the underlying AFM order. The uncompensated magnetization, though small, is crucial to the observed anomalous Hall effect (coupling of the magnetic and electronic properties) which is remarkable for a predominantly AFM material.

The robust magnetic structure and coupling of magnetic-electronic properties of NiSi offer the opportunity to use NiSi for magnetic memory applications. The research team also applied density functional theory combined with the self-(electron) interaction correction method (instead of using the local density approximation) to identify the origin of magnetism as arising from hybridization between Ni 3d orbitals and Si sp states.

Contact

Deepak Singh
University of Missouri
[email protected]

Funding

This research was supported by the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences program, the National Science Center in Poland, and by Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. A portion of this research used resources at the Spallation Neutron Source, a DOE Office of Science user facility operated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory.