FES 2024 | U.S. DOE Office of Science(SC)

(a) Architecture of real-time field control on the DIII-D and KSTAR tokamaks. (b) This real-time 3D control drives plasma to the highest performance state for normalized fusion gain (energy out vs energy in, <em>G</em>) and confinement quality (<em>H</em><sub>89</sub>) without edge bursts.

Controller with Integrated Machine Learning Tweaks Fusion Plasmas in Real Time

Integrating machine learning with real-time adaptive control produces high-performance plasmas without edge instabilities, a key for future fusion reactors.

(Left) Measured and simulated electron temperature curves during an NBI pulse showing the outcome of the competing effects between neutral particle-derived fast ions and cold electrons. (Right) One of DIII-D’s four neutral beams.

For Heating Plasma in Fusion Devices, Researchers Unravel How Electrons Respond to Neutral Beam Injection

Study finds that neutral beam performance can be experimentally deduced from electron temperature evolution during neutral beam injection.

Contour plot of electron temperature (left) and radial profiles of electron temperature (center) and ion temperature (right) across an island, with ion temperature showing a gradient observed experimen-tally (blue) and reproduced in simulations (red).

In a Fusion Device Plasma, a Steep Ion Temperature Gradient Slows the Growth of Magnetic Islands

The first measurement of ion temperature in magnetic islands identified a steep gradient, providing insights for improving plasma confinement in tokamaks.

For the first time, researchers simultaneously achieved density above a historical empirical limit (>1.0) and very good confinement (~1.5) in a tokamak device.

Ground-Breaking Efforts Overcome an Operational Limit of Tokamaks, Advancing Efforts to Achieve Fusion Energy

By achieving very high density and confinement quality at the same time, researchers make new strides toward fusion energy.

The weight of antihydrogen atoms (a positively charged positron or anti-electron orbiting a negatively charged antiproton) balances the weight of hydrogen atoms (a negatively charged electron orbiting a positively charged proton).

Antihydrogen Falls Downward!

Settling a long-standing question, scientists have proven that antihydrogen falls downward in a first-ever direct experiment.

Negative triangularity shaping in the DIII-D tokamak (left) produced plasmas with no observed instabilities for triangularities less than approximately -0.15, even at high heating power and core performance (right).

Inverting Fusion Plasmas Improves Performance

Plasmas with negative triangularity show reduced gradients that develop into instabilities, including under conditions relevant to fusion power plants.

2024