Electrons Move Like Light in Three-Dimensional Solid

Tracking electronic motion in a graphene-like bulk material shows fast electrons in all dimensions.

Artist’s conception highlighting key features of electron behavior in bulk sodium bismuth (Na3Bi) and cadmium arsenic (Cd3As2). — Image courtesy of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

The Science

Electrons were observed to travel in a solid at an unusually high velocity, which remained the same independent of the electron energy. This anomalous light-like behavior is found in special two-dimensional materials, such as graphene, but is now realized in a three-dimensional bulk material. High-resolution angle-resolved electron spectroscopy, stimulated by synchrotron x-ray radiation, was used to substantiate the theoretically predicted exotic electron structure.

The Impact

A stable bulk material has been discovered that shows the same physics found in graphene, which illuminated the detailed interactions of electron’s orbital motion and its intrinsic magnetic orientation. The new material will be a test ground for theories on how electron interactions in solids shape exotic electron behavior, including the highest electron mobility in bulk materials.

Summary

Investigations of electronic behavior have expanded beyond familiar systems of metals, insulators, and semi-conductors into the realm of strongly interacting electrons, which exhibit exotic relationships between the allowed electron velocities and their energy states. A key feature for the new materials is behavior in which the electron velocity does not depend on its energy. Such a relationship is a hallmark of photons, the energetic particles that make up a beam of light. This property is found in the new class of materials exhibiting a strong interaction between the electron trajectory and the electron spin alignment (called “spin-orbit coupling”). Two-dimensional versions of such systems (for example, grapheme) have been recently explored, but the systems are hard to work with because of their ultra-thin film nature. This work establishes graphene-like electronic behavior in the bulk three-dimensional materials Na3Bi and Cd3As2 and explains their exceptionally high electronic mobility. The required advances in electron spectroscopy techniques, used to investigate the electronic structure, employed an energy tunable bright x-ray source and a high-resolution spectrometer.

Contact

Z.X. Shen
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
[email protected] (executive assistant)

Zahid Hasan
Princeton University
[email protected]

Funding

Funded by DOE Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, including support for the Advanced Light Source. Researchers from foreign institutions were supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK), the National Science Foundation of China, the National Basic Research Program of China, the International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of China, the China Scholarship Council, and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (USA).

Publications

Z.K. Liu, B. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Z.J. Wang, H.M. Weng, D. Prabhakaran, S.K. Mo, Z.X. Shen, Z. Fang, X. Dai, Z. Hussain, Y.L. Chen, “Discovery of a three-dimensional topological Dirac semimetal, Na3Bi,” Science343 (6173), 864–867, 2014. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1245085]

Z.K. Liu, J. Jiang, B. Zhou, Z.J. Wang, Y. Zhang, H.M. Weng, D. Prabhakaran, S.K. Mo, H. Peng, P. Dudin, T. Kim, M. Hoesch, Z. Fang, X. Dai, Z.X. Shen, D.L. Feng, Z. Hussain, Y.L. Chen, “A stable three-dimensional topological Dirac semimetal Cd3As2,” Nature Materials 13, 677–681, 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/nmat3990]

M. Neupane, S.Y. Xu, R. Sankar, N. Alidoust, G. Bian, C. Liu, I. Belopolski, T.R. Chang, H.T. Jeng, H. Lin, A. Bansil, F. Chou, M. Z. Hasan, “Observation of a three-dimensional topological Dirac semimetal phase in high-mobility Cd3As2.” Nature Communications 5, 3786, 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4786]