Rare Meets Common: Reacting Protactinium with Ubiquitous Water Explains an Elemental Oddity

Reactions with this extremely rare element could reveal previously unknown trends, benefiting studies of new nuclear reactor fuels.

Adding a water molecule to the positively charged protactinium dioxide ion results in hydrolysis, or water splitting.
Image courtesy of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Adding a water molecule to the positively charged protactinium dioxide ion results in hydrolysis, or water splitting. The result is a new molecule, bis-hydroxide, PaO(OH)2+. This behavior reveals that different chemistry occurs when a water molecule is added to protactinium versus the heavier actinide dioxide cations of uranium, neptunium, and plutonium.

The Science

Found naturally only in trace quantities and seminal to alternate nuclear reactor fuels, protactinium is an extremely rare element that could reveal new trends among nearby actinide elements, including uranium. Scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory demonstrated that a positively charged protactinium dioxide ion may not exist in aqueous solution like other highly charged actinides, such as uranium and plutonium. Why? Because the energy of hydrating, or adding a water molecule, is very near to hydrolyzing or causing that water molecule to break apart. This is in contrast to the behavior of heavier actinides, such as uranium and plutonium.

The Impact

The molecular-level results provide key fundamental insights into the distinctively different chemistries of protactinium and the other actinides in aqueous solutions. The chemistry of protactinium, which is very difficult to study due to it scarcity and complex chemistry, is important for understanding and controlling its behavior for application in nuclear reactors, as well as for comprehending the overall variable and complex chemistry of the actinide series and transition elements used in everyday technologies.

Summary

Scientists found that gas-phase oxo-exchange of the positively charged protactinium ion, PaO2+, with water was substantially faster than that of its uranium counterpart, UO2+, indicating that the Pa-O bonds are more susceptible to activation and formation of the bis-hydroxide intermediate, PaO(OH)2+. To elucidate the nature of the water adduct of PaO2+, hydration of PaO2+ and UO2+, as well as collision-induced dissociation and ligand-exchange of the water adducts of PaO2+ and UO2+, were studied in an ion trap. The results indicate that, in contrast to UO2(H2O)+, the protactinium hydroxide isomer, PaO(OH)2+, is produced as a gas-phase species close in energy to the hydrate isomer, PaO2(H2O)+. Similar collision-induced dissociation behavior to Th(OH)3+ subports the assignment as PaO(OH)2+. The gas-phase results are consistent with the spontaneous hydrolysis of PaO2+ in aqueous solution, this in contrast to heavier actinide dioxides of uranium, neptunium, and plutonium; the heavier actinide dioxides form stable hydrates in both solution and gas phase. The researchers concluded that the stabilities of oxo-hydroxides relative to oxide hydrates decrease in the order: Th(IV) > Pa(V) > U(V) > Np(V) > Pu(V). This trend suggests increasing covalency, and decreasing ionicity, of actinide oxygen bonds upon proceeding across the actinide series, a key chemical attribute.

Contact

John K. Gibson
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
[email protected]

Funding

This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Heavy Element Chemistry, at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 (P.D.D. and J.K.G.) and by DOE Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Early Career Research Award Program, under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357 (R.E.W.).

Publications

P. D. Dau, R. E. Wilson, and J. K. Gibson, “Elucidating protactinium hydrolysis: The relative stabilities of PaO2(H2O)+ and PaO(OH)2+.” Inorganic Chemistry 54, 7474 (2015). [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01078].

Related Links

Peculiar Protactinium Nature Article

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Program: BES , CSGB

Performer: DOE Laboratory