New Device Steps Us Towards Quantum Computing

Researchers trapped and detected ensembles of electrons, an important step in isolating single electrons for use in a new generation of low-power supercomputing.

The Science

If biochemists had access to a quantum computer, they could perfectly simulate the properties of new molecules to develop drugs in ways that would take today’s fastest computers decades. A new device takes us closer to providing such a computer. The device successfully traps, detects, and manipulates an ensemble of electrons above the surface of superfluid helium. The system integrates a nanofluidic channel with a superconducting circuit.

The Impact

Because they are so small, electrons normally interact weakly with electrical signals. The new device, however, gives the electron more time to interact, and it is this setup that makes it possible to build a qubit, the quantum computing equivalent of a bit. Quantum computers could provide the necessary computing power to model extremely large and complex situations in physics, biology, weather systems and many others.

Summary

While isolated electrons in a vacuum can store quantum information nearly perfectly, in real materials, the movements of surrounding atoms disturbs them, eventually leading to the loss of information. This work is a step towards realizing isolated, trapped single electrons by taking advantage of the unique relationship existing between electrons and superfluid helium. Electrons will levitate just above the surface of helium, about 10 nanometers away, insensitive to the atomic fluctuations below. While this effect has been known, holding them in a superconducting device structure has not been demonstrated before this work. At the heart of this new technology is a resonator based on circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) architecture, which provides a path to trap electrons above helium and detect the spins of the electrons. Because they are so small, electrons normally interact only very weakly with electrical signals. In the resonator however, the signal bounces back and forth more than 10,000 times, giving the electron more time to interact. It is this setup that makes it possible to build a qubit, while also maintaining quantum coherence. University of Chicago researchers have measured microwave photons emerging from the resonator as electrons were slowly leaked from the trap with a goal of measuring single electrons. The specialized device was designed and built in collaboration with nanofabrication scientists at the Center for Nanoscale Materials. The initial experiments involved about 100,000 electrons — too many to control quantum mechanically – but current experiments are decreasing the number. The goal is to trap a single electron whose behavior can be analyzed and controlled for use as a quantum bit.

Contact

David Czaplewski
Center for Nanoscale Materials
[email protected], 630.252.3258

David Schuster
University of Chicago
[email protected]

Funding

This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER Grant No. DMR 1151839, the University of Chicago Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) program of the NSF under Award No. DMR 1420709, and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Use of the Center for Nanoscale Materials, an Office of Science user facility, was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under Contract No. DE- AC02-06CH11357.

Publications

G. Yang, A. Fragner, G. Koolstra, L. E. Ocola, D. A. Czaplewski, R. J. Schoelkopf, and D. I. Schuster, "Coupling an ensemble of electrons on superfluid helium to a superconducting circuit." Physical Review X 6, 011031 (2016). [DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.6.011031].