Water in One Dimension

Confined within tiny carbon nanotubes, extremely cold water molecules line up in a highly ordered chain.

Image courtesy of Wim Wenseleers, University of Antwerp

The Science

Single-walled carbon nanotubes act like tiny straws that are so narrow that water confined within cannot freeze into its normal crystal-like structure. In particular, in very thin nanotubes, water molecules align in a single-file manner. At room temperature, each molecule remains orientated in a random direction, creating a disordered chain. For the first time, scientists observed that at a cool 150 K, these molecules go through a quasiphase transition. In this transition, the molecules orient themselves in a highly structured, classically hydrogen-bonded arrangement.

The Impact

Clean water is vital to people, crops and livestock. Technologies using carbon nanotubes may benefit water purification and desalination. Creating such devices demands knowing how water confined in such tubes behaves. Also, knowing how water behaves in tight spaces will help scientists study other complex systems, such as how toxins move through cell walls.

Summary

While scientists have known that molecules confined within single-walled nanotubes behave differently than their bulk counterparts, it has previously been impossible to study these interactions in a truly uniform environment. For the first time, scientists have been able to select nanotubes of the same chirality and with a very small diameter that can only be filled with one water molecule after the other, yielding a single-file chain. By studying the photoluminescence properties of empty nanotubes compared with water-filled nanotubes, researchers noticed a sudden shift in the emission color of filled nanotubes at ~150 K. Previous studies had observed more general shifts, but scientists could not determine the exact temperature of the shift and could only speculate at the cause behind the shift. In this controlled experiment, where a direct comparison was made between water-filled and empty nanotubes, researchers detected highly ordered structures of water within these nanotubes, a state that previously had only been predicted by theoretical simulations.

The group further performed molecular dynamics simulations on this system as a function of temperature. They determined that water dipole orientation is the basis of the phase transition. This finding makes room for more theory to explain the quasiphase transition while the entire study advances the understanding of confined molecules for use in studying complex natural systems and developing novel microfluidic applications.

Contact

Han Htoon
Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory
[email protected]; (505) 665-5444

Funding

This work was supported in part by the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Laboratory Directed Research and Development program and was performed in part at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science user facility. S.C. and W.W. acknowledge financial support from the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders, Belgium (FWO, projects G040011N, G021112N, 1513513N, and 1512716N), which also supported S.C. through a postdoctoral fellowship and a mobility grant for visiting LANL. Funding from the Hercules Foundation (grant AUHA/13006) and the European Research Council (ERC) under Horizon 2020/ERC starting grant 679841 is gratefully acknowledged. X.M. and S.C. contributed equally to this work.