Imaging Probe Printed onto Tip of Optical Fiber

The Molecular Foundry and aBeam Technologies bring mass fabrication to nano-optical devices.

Image courtesy of the Molecular Foundry, Berkeley Lab

The Science

Combining speed with incredible precision, a team of Molecular Foundry scientists and industry users developed a way to print extremely small devices on the tip of a glass fiber as thin as a human hair. These tiny devices precisely squeeze and manipulate light in ways that are unachievable by conventional optics. The team’s approach, called fiber nanoimprinting, builds tips 30 times faster than today’s sculpting approach. The scale-up path is to print many tips instead of sculpting individual tips.

The Impact

Tiny optics could help improve the design of solar cells, pharmaceuticals and semiconductors. Fiber nanoimprinting speeds the production of nano-optics from several per month to several per day. The technique opens the door to mass fabrication of nano-optical devices for widespread use.

Summary

Nano-optics have the potential to be used for imaging, sensing, and spectroscopy, and could help scientists improve solar cells, design better drugs, and make faster semiconductors. A big obstacle to the technology’s commercial use, however, is its time-consuming production process. The new fabrication method, called fiber nanoimprinting, could unplug this bottleneck. It was developed by scientists at the Molecular Foundry in partnership with users from Hayward, CA-based aBeam Technologies.

Their work builds on the Campanile probe, which was developed by Molecular Foundry scientists four years ago and enables spectroscopic imaging at a resolution 100 times greater than conventional spectroscopy. Fabricating Campanile probes has been part science and part art. The same applies to other nano-optical devices, such as microscopic lenses and beam splitters, which split one light beam into several. These devices require milling a 3-D shape with sub-100-nanometer scale features on the tip of a wispy fiber, which is much trickier than fabricating a nanostructure on a flat surface such as a wafer.

That’s where fiber nanoimprinting come in. Its first step is the most time consuming: scientists create a mold with the precise dimensions of the nano-optical device they want to print. For the Campanile probe, this means a mold of the probe’s nanoscale features, including the four sides and the light-emitting 70-namometer-wide gap at the pyramid’s top. After the mold is created, it is filled with a special resin and then positioned atop an optical fiber. Infrared light is sent through the fiber, which enables the scientists to measure the exact alignment of the mold in relation to the fiber. If everything checks out, ultraviolet light is sent through the fiber, which hardens the resin. A final metallization step coats the sides of the probe with gold layers. The result is a quickly printed — not meticulously sculpted — Campanile probe. By doing this over and over, the team can make a probe every few minutes.

Contact

Keiko Munechika
Abeam Technologies Inc.
[email protected], (510) 497-0222

Stefano Cabrini
Molecular Foundry, Berkeley Lab
[email protected], 510-486-7339

Funding

This work is supported by a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Small Business Technology Transfer award. Work at the Molecular Foundry was supported by the Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy. The Zeiss ORION NanoFab microscope is located at the Biomolecular Nanotechnology Center/QB3-Berkeley and was funded by a National Science Foundation grant from the Major Research Instrumentation Program.

Publications

G. Calafiore, A. Koshelev, T.P. Darlington, N.J. Borys, M. Melli, A. Polyakov, G. Cantarella, F.I. Allen, P. Lum, E. Wong, S. Sassolini, A. Weber-Bargioni, P.J. Schuck, S. Cabrini, and K. Munechika, “Campanile near-field probes fabricated by nanoimprint lithography on the facet of an optical fiber.” Scientific Reports 7(1651), 1-7(2017). [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01871-5]

G. Calafiore, A. Koshelev, F.I. Allen, S. Dhuey, S. Sassolini, E. Wong, P. Lum, K. Munechika, and S. Cabrini, “Nanoimprint of a 3D structure on an optical fiber for light wavefront manipulation.” Nanotechnology 27(37), 375301 (2016). [DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/37/375301]

A. Koshelev, G. Calafiore, C. Piña-Hernandez, F.I. Allen, S. Dhuey, S. Sassolini, E. Wong, P. Lum, K. Munechika, and S. Cabrini, “High refractive index Fresnel lens on a fiber fabricated by nanoimprint lithography for immersion applications.” Optics Letters 41(15), 3423-3426(2016). [DOI: 10.1364/OL.41.003423]