New Insights into a Long-Standing Debate About Materials that Turn Motion into Electricity

Detailed view of atoms opens doors for new designs to convert atomic displacements to electrical energy.

Image courtesy of Argonne National Laboratory

The Science

For decades, scientists have been intrigued by a class of electronic materials called relaxor ferroelectrics. These lead-based materials can convert mechanical energy to electrical energy and vice versa. The underlying mechanism for this behavior has been elusive. The challenge was getting a detailed view of the atomic structure, critical to resolve the debate concerning the role of local order. Now, novel neutron-based tools and methods have resolved this debate—revealing the relationship of local order motifs and how they affect the underlying properties.

The Impact

Relaxor ferroelectrics are integral in certain types of computer memory and medical imaging devices. To expand their use in energy production, scientists need to know how the materials work in detail. This study offers a detailed view of the local disorder and its effect. Knowing how structural changes affect properties helps scientists design new materials for energy-relevant uses.

Summary

In the past, scientists have used different techniques to study relaxor ferroelectrics, such as lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate. However, the techniques couldn’t offer a complete view of the atomic-level structure needed for a comprehensive understanding of these materials. Recent advancements of novel instrumentation and techniques now enable detailed study of the local structure embedded in a crystalline lattice, which is germane to these materials. Using these neutron and synchrotron X-ray scattering methods, researchers determined how local order affects the electromechanical and dielectric properties.

The neutron scattering instrument, Corelli, at the Spallation Neutron Source facilitated the measurements of the diffuse neutron scattering that arises from the local structures. Diffuse scattering measurements are particularly sensitive to the departure of the atomic structure from that of a perfect crystal; however, the resultant scattering is generally difficult to quantify because of the wide variety of microstructural effects that may contribute to the signal. The team used complementary neutron and X-ray scattering techniques. Their experiments provided the needed quantitative data and revealed that the local order involves displacements of both the heavy (lead) and light (oxygen) atoms. This insight requires revision of current theoretical models that assume light atom displacements are negligible. The combined neutron and synchrotron X-ray investigations revealed that the unique dielectric properties are influenced by the presence of local competing antiferroelectric and ferroelectric order, where the neighboring electric dipole moments are aligned in opposing and parallel directions, respectively.

These results provide important guidelines for developing and evaluating microscopic models that are crucial for the design of the next generation of efficient materials.

Contact

Stephan Rosenkranz
Argonne National Laboratory
[email protected]

Daniel Phelan
Argonne National Laboratory
[email protected]

Funding

The following supported this research: Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, including support of the Spallation Neutron Source, an Office of Science user facility; the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source); Office of Naval Research and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (research at Simon Fraser University); and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Department of Commerce (access to the neutron Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis research facilities).

Publications

M.J. Krogstad, P.M. Gehring, S. Rosenkranz, R. Osborn, F. Ye, Y. Liu, J.P.C. Ruff, W. Chen, J.M. Wozniak, H. Luo, O. Chmaissem, Z.G. Ye, and D. Phelan, “The relation of local order to material properties in relaxor ferroelectrics.” Nature Materials 17, 718 (2018). [DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0112-7]